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  • Rationalism vs. Empiricism - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
    The dispute between rationalism and empiricism takes place primarily within epistemology, the branch of philosophy devoted to studying the nature, sources, and limits of knowledge
  • Historicist Theories of Scientific Rationality
    Historicist philosophers did a convincing job of showing that historical evidence called the received views into question Most philosophers today accept that verdict of history Less successful was the attempt to formulate an adequate positive theory of rationality, both at the first-order level of scientific methodological norms (e g , “Reject a hypothesis that makes clearly false
  • Early Modern Rationalism - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
    Pedagogically, the division between rationalism and empiricism presents a simplified template for teaching the otherwise diverse history of early modern philosophy But it also complicates the investigation of hundreds of figures who do not fit cleanly into this narrative
  • Immanuel Kant - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
    Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) is the central figure in modern philosophy He synthesized early modern rationalism and empiricism, set the terms for much of nineteenth and twentieth century philosophy, and continues to exercise a significant influence today in metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, political philosophy, aesthetics, and other fields
  • Scientific Pluralism - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
    While scientific pluralism has often been framed in opposition to the unity of science and “the ancient notion of philosophy as unified knowledge” (Cat 2012), pluralist philosophy of science has become a broad platform for negotiating post-positivist philosophy of science in the light of epistemic and social diversity
  • Scientific Method (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
    Scientific method should be distinguished from the aims and products of science, such as knowledge, predictions, or control Methods are the means by which those goals are achieved Scientific method should also be distinguished from meta-methodology, which includes the values and justifications behind a particular characterization of scientific method (i e , a methodology) — values such as
  • Imre Lakatos - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
    Imre Lakatos (1922–1974) was a Hungarian-born philosopher of mathematics and science who rose to prominence in Britain, having fled his native land in 1956 when the Hungarian Uprising was suppressed by Soviet tanks He was notable for his anti-formalist philosophy of mathematics (where “formalism” is not just the philosophy of Hilbert and his followers but also comprises logicism and
  • Paul Feyerabend - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
    Paul Feyerabend (1924–1994) initially made a name for himself in the foundations of quantum theory and as an ardent supporter of Karl Popper’s critical rationalism He argued that good science should be an attempt to re-interpret experience according to our best scientific theories, which should be used to correct common knowledge and everyday language to promote progress His early work
  • Karl Popper - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
    Karl Popper is generally regarded as one of the greatest philosophers of science of the twentieth century He was also a social and political philosopher of considerable stature, a self-professed critical-rationalist, a dedicated opponent of all forms of scepticism and relativism in science and in human affairs generally and a committed advocate and staunch defender of the “Open Society
  • Rationalism vs. Empiricism - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
    The dispute between rationalism and empiricism concerns the extent to which we are dependent upon sense experience in our effort to gain knowledge Rationalists claim that there are significant ways in which our concepts and knowledge are gained independently of sense experience Empiricists claim that sense experience is the ultimate source of all our concepts and knowledge





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