abatement 音标拼音: [əb'etmənt]
n . 减少,减轻,缓和
减少,减轻,缓和
abatement n 1 :
an interruption in the intensity or amount of something [
synonym : {
suspension }, {
respite }, {
reprieve }, {
hiatus },
{
abatement }]
2 :
the act of abating ; "
laws enforcing noise abatement "
Abatement \
A *
bate "
ment \ (-
ment ),
n . [
OF .
abatement ,
F .
abattement .]
1 .
The act of abating ,
or the state of being abated ;
a lessening ,
diminution ,
or reduction ;
removal or putting an end to ;
as ,
the abatement of a nuisance is the suppression thereof .
[
1913 Webster ]
2 .
The amount abated ;
that which is taken away by way of reduction ;
deduction ;
decrease ;
a rebate or discount allowed .
[
1913 Webster ]
3 . (
Her .)
A mark of dishonor on an escutcheon .
[
1913 Webster ]
4 . (
Law )
The entry of a stranger ,
without right ,
into a freehold after the death of the last possessor ,
before the heir or devisee . --
Blackstone .
[
1913 Webster ]
{
Defense in abatement }, {
Plea in abatement }, (
Law ),
plea to the effect that from some formal defect (
e .
g .
misnomer ,
lack of jurisdiction )
the proceedings should be abated .
[
1913 Webster ]
113 Moby Thesaurus words for "
abatement ":
abridgment ,
agio ,
allayment ,
alleviation ,
allowance ,
analgesia ,
anesthesia ,
anesthetizing ,
appeasement ,
assuagement ,
attenuation ,
attrition ,
bank discount ,
blunting ,
breakage ,
calming ,
cash discount ,
chain discount ,
charge -
off ,
concession ,
contraction ,
cut ,
dampening ,
damping ,
deadening ,
debilitation ,
decrease ,
decrement ,
decrescence ,
deduction ,
deflation ,
demulsion ,
depreciation ,
depression ,
devitalization ,
dilution ,
diminishment ,
diminution ,
discount ,
drawback ,
dulcification ,
dulling ,
dying ,
dying off ,
ease ,
easement ,
easing ,
effemination ,
enervation ,
enfeeblement ,
evisceration ,
exhaustion ,
extenuation ,
fade -
out ,
falling -
off ,
fatigue ,
hushing ,
inanition ,
kickback ,
languishment ,
leniency ,
lessening ,
letdown ,
letup ,
lightening ,
loosening ,
lowering ,
lulling ,
miniaturization ,
mitigation ,
modulation ,
mollification ,
numbing ,
pacification ,
palliation ,
penalty ,
penalty clause ,
percentage ,
premium ,
price reduction ,
price -
cut ,
quietening ,
quieting ,
rebate ,
rebatement ,
reduction ,
refund ,
relaxation ,
relief ,
remedy ,
remission ,
rollback ,
sagging ,
salvage ,
salving ,
scaling down ,
setoff ,
simplicity ,
slackening ,
softening ,
soothing ,
subduement ,
subtraction ,
tare ,
tempering ,
thinning ,
time discount ,
trade discount ,
tranquilization ,
tret ,
underselling ,
weakening ,
write -
off ABATEMENT ,
contracts ,
is a reduction made by the creditor ,
for the prompt payment of a debt due by the payor or debtor .
Wesk .
on Ins .
7 .
ABATEMENT ,
merc .
law .
By this term is understood the deduction sometimes made at the custom -
house from the duties chargeable upon goods when they are damaged See Act of Congress ,
March 2 ,
1799 ,
s .
52 ,
1 Story L .
U .
S .
617 .
ABATEMENT ,
pleading ,
is the overthrow of an action in consequence of some error committed in bringing or conducting it when the plaintiff is not forever barred from bringing another action .
1 Chit .
Pl .
434 .
Abatement is by plea .
There can be no demurrer in abatement .
Willes '
Rep .
479 ;
Salk .
220 .
2 .
Pleas in abatement will be considered as relating ,
1 ,
to the jurisdiction of the court ;
2 ,
to the person of the plaintiff ;
3 ,
to that of the defendant ;
4 ,
to the writ ;
5 ,
to the qualities of such pleas ;
6 ,
to the form of such pleas ;
7 ,
to the affidavit of the truth of pleas in abatement .
3 .-
1 .
As to pleas relating to the jurisdiction of the court ,
see article Jurisdiction ,
and Arch .
Civ .
Pl .
290 ;
1 Chit .
Pl .
Index .
tit ,
Jurisdiction .
There is only one case in which the jurisdiction of the court may be inquired of under the general issue ,
and that is where no court of the country has jurisdiction of the cause ,
for in that case no action can be maintained by the law of the land .
3 Mass .
Rep .
Rea v .
Hayden ,
1 Dougl .
450 ;
3 Johns .
Rep .
113 ;
2 Penn .
Law Journal 64 ,
Meredith v .
Pierie .
4 .-
2 .
Relating to the person of the plaintiff . (
1 .)
The defendant may plead to the person of the plaintiff that there never was any such person in rerum natura .
Bro .
Brief ,
25 ;
19 Johns .
308 Com .
Dig .
Abatement ,
E 16 .
And if one of several plaintiffs be a fictitious person ,
it abates the writ .
Com .
Dig .
Abatement ,
E 16 ;
1 Chit .
Pl .
435 ;
Arch .
Civ .
Pl .
304 .
But a nominal plaintiff in ejectment may sustain an action .
5 Verm .
93 ;
19 John .
308 .
As to the rule in Pennsylvania ,
see 5 Watts ,
423 .
5 .-(
2 .)
The defendant may plead that the plaintiff is a feme covert .
Co .
Lit .
132 ,
b .;
or that she is his own wife .
1 Brown .
Ent .
63 ;
and see 3 T .
R .
631 ;
6 T .
R .
265 ;
Com .
Dig .
Abatement ,
E 6 ;
1 Chit .
Pl .
437 ;
Arch .
Civ .
Pl .
302 .
Coverture occurring after suit brought is a plea in abatement which cannot be pleaded after a plea in bar ,
unless the matter arose after the plea in bar ;
but in that case the defendant must not suffer a continuance to intervene between the happening of this new matter ,
or its coming to his knowledge ,
and pleading it .
4 S &
R .
238 ;
Bac .
Abr .
Abatement ,
G ;
4 Mass .
659 ;
4 S . &
R .
238 ;
1 Bailey ,
369 ;
4 Vern .
545 ;
2 Wheat .
111 ;
14 Mass .
295 ;
1 Blackf .
288 ;
2 Bailey ,
349 .
See 10 S . &
R .
208 ;
7 Verm .
508 ;
1 Yeates ,
185 ;
2 Dall .
184 ;
3 Bibb ,
246 .
6 .-(
3 .)
That the plaintiff (
unless he sue with others as executor )
is an infant and has declared by attorney .
1 Chit .
Pl .
436 ;
Arch .
Civ .
Pi .
301 ;
Arch .
Pr .
B .
R .
142 ;
2 Saund .
212 ,
a ,
n .
5 ;
1 Went .
58 ,
62 ;
7 John .
R .
373 ;
3 N .
H .
Rep .
345 ;
8 Pick .
552 ;
and see 7 Mass .
241 ;
4 Halst .
381 2 N .
H .
Rep .
487 .
7 .-(
4 .)
A suit brought by a lunatic under guardianship ,
shall abate .
Brayt .
18 .
8 .-(
5 .)
Death of plaintiff before the purchase of the original writ ,
may be pleaded in abatement .
1 Arch .
Civ .
Pl .
304 ,
5 ;
Com .
Dig .
Abatement ,
E 17 .
Death of plaintiff pending the writ might have been pleaded since the last continuance ,
Com .
Dig .
Abatement ,
H 32 ;
4 Hen . &
Munf .
410 ;
3 Mass .
296 ;
Cam . &
Nor .
72 ;
4 Hawks ,
433 ;
2 Root ,
57 ;
9 Mass .
422 ;
4 H . &
M .
410 ;
Gilmer ,
145 ;
2 Rand .
454 ;
2 Greenl .
127 .
But in some states ,
as in Pennsylvania ,
the ,
death of the plaintiff does not abate the writ ;
in such case the executor or administrator is substituted .
The rule of the common law is ,
that whenever the death of any party happens ,
pending the writ ,
and yet the plea is in the same condition ,
as if such party were living ,
then such death makes no alteration ;
and on this rule all the diversities turn .
Gilb .
Com .
Pleas 242 .
9 .-(
6 .)
Alienage ,
or that the plaintiff is an alien enemy .
Bac .
Abr .
h .
t .;
6 Binn .
241 ;
10 Johns .
183 ;
9 Mass .
363 ;
Id .
377 ;
11 Mass .
119 ;
12 Mass .
8 ;
3 31 . &
S .
533 ;
2 John .
Ch .
R .
508 ;
15 East ,
260 ;
Com .
Dig .
Abatement ,
E 4 ;
Id .
Alien ,
C 5 ;
1 S . &
R .
310 ;
1 Ch .
Pl .
435 ;
Arch .
Civ .
Pl .
3 ,
301 .
10 .-(
7 .)
Misnomer of plaintiff may also be pleaded in abatement .
Arch .
Civ .
Pi .
305 ;
1 Chitty '
s Pleading ,
Index ,
tit .
Misnomer .
Com .
Dig .
Abatement ,
E 19 ,
E 20 ,
E 21 ,
E 22 ;
l Mass .
75 ;
Bac .
Abr .
h .
t .
11 .-(
8 .)
If one of several joint tenants ,
sue in action ex contractu ,
Co .
Lit .
180 ,
b ;
Bac .
Abr .
Joint -
tenants ,
K ;
1 B . &
P .
73 ;
one of several joint contractors ,
Arch .
Civ .
Pl .
48 -
51 ,
53 ;
one of several partners ,
Gow on Part .
150 ;
one of several joint executors who have proved the will ,
or even if they have not proved the will ,
1 Chit .
Pl .
12 ,
13 ;
one of several joint administrators ,
Ibid .
13 ;
the defendant may plead the non -
joinder in abatement .
Arch .
Civ .
Pl .
304 ;
see Com .
Dig .
Abatement ,
E 9 ,
E 12 ,
E 13 ,
E 14 .
12 .-(
9 .)
If persons join as plaintiffs in an action who should not ,
the defendant may plead the misjoinder in abatement .
Arch .
Civ .
Pl .
304 ;
Com .
Dig .
Abatement ,
E 15 .
13 .-(
10 .)
When the plaintiff is an alleged corporation ,
and it is intended to contest its existence ,
the defendant must plead in abatement .
Wright ,
12 ;
3 Pick .
236 ;
1 Mass 485 ;
1 Pet .
450 ;
4 Pet .
501 ;
5 Pet .
231 .
To a suit brought in the name of the "
judges of the county court ,"
after such court has been abolished ,
the defendant may plead in abatement that there are no such judges .
Judges , &
c .
v .
Phillips ;
2 Bay ,
519 .
14 .-
3 .
Relating to the person of the defendant . (
1 .)
In an action against two or more ,
one may plead in abatement that there never was such a person in rerum natura as A ,
who is named as defendant with him .
Arch .
Civ .
Pl .
312 .
15 .-(
2 .)
If the defendant be a married woman ,
she may in general plead her coverture in abatement ,
8 T .
R .
545 ;
Com .
Dig .
Abatement ,
F 2 .
The exceptions to this rule arise when the coverture is suspended .
Com .
Dig .
Abatement ,
F 2 ,
Sec .
3 ;
Co .
Lit .
132 ,
b ;
2 Bl .
R .
1197 ;
Co .
B .
L .
43 .
16 .-(
3 .)
The death of the defendant abates the writ at common law ,
and in some cases it does still abate the action ,
see Com .
Dig .
Abatement ,
H 34 ;
1 Hayw .
500 ;
2 Binn .
l .;
1 Gilm .
145 ;
1 Const .
Rep .
83 ;
4 McCord ,
160 ;
7 Wheat .
530 ;
1 Watts ,
229 ;
4 Mass .
480 ;
8 Greenl .
128 ;
In general where the cause of action dies with the person ,
the suit abates by the death of the defendant before judgment .
Vide Actio Personalis moritur cum persona .
17 .-(
4 .)
The misnomer of the defendant may be pleaded in abatement ,
but one defendant cannot plead the misnomer of another .
Com .
Dig .
Abatement ,
F 18 ;
Lutw .
36 ;
1 Chit .
Pl .
440 ;
Arch .
Civ .
Pl .
312 .
See form of a plea in abatement for a misnomer of the defendant in 3 Saund .
209 ,
b .,
and see further ,
1 Show .
394 ;
Carth .
307 ;
Comb .
188 ;
1 Lutw .
10 ;
5 T .
R .
487 .
18 .-(
5 .)
When one joint tenant ,
Com .
Dig .
Abatement ,
F 5 ,
or one tenant in common ,
in cases ,
where they ought to be joined ,
Ibid .
F 6 ,
is sued alone -
he may plead in abatement .
And in actions upon contracts if the plaintiff do not sue all the contractors ,
the defendant may plead the non -
joinder in abatement .
Ibid .
F 8 ,
a ;
1 Wash .
9 ;
18 Johns .
459 ;
2 Johns .
Cas .
382 ;
3 Caines '
s Rep .
99 ;
Arch ..
Civ .
Pl .
309 ;
1 Chit .
Pl .
441 .
When husband and wife should be sued jointly ,
and one is sued alone ,
the non -
joinder may be pleaded in abatement .
Arch .
Civ .
Pl .
309 .
The non -
joinder of all the executors ,
who have proved the will ;
and the non -
joinder of all the administrators of the deceased ,
may be pleaded in abatement .
Com .
Dig .
Abatement ,
F 10 .
19 .-(
6 .)
In a real action if brought against several persons ,
they may plead several tenancy ,
that is ,
that they hold in severalty and not jointly ,
Com .
Dig .
Abatement ,
F 12 ;
or one of them may take the entire tenancy on himself ,
and pray judgment of the writ .
Id .
F 13 .
But mis -
joinder of defendant in a personal action is not the subject of a plea in abatement .
Arch .
Civ .
Pl .
68 ,
310 .
20 .-(
7 .)
In cases where the defendant may plead non -
tenure ,
see Arch .
Civ .
Pl .
310 ;
Cro .
El .
559 .
21 .-(
8 .)
Where he may plead a disclaimer ,
see Arch .
Civ .
Pl .
311 ;
Com .
Dig .
Abatement ,
F 15 .
22 .-(
9 .)
A defendant may plead his privilege of not being sued ,
in abatement .
Bac .
Ab .
Abridgment C ;
see this Dict .
tit .
Privilege .
23 .-
4 .
Plea in ,
abatement of the writ . (
1 .)
Pleas in abatement of the writ or a bill are so termed rather from their effect ,
than from their being strictly such pleas ,
for as oyer of the writ can no longer be craved ,
no objection can be taken to matter which is merely contained in the writ ,
3 B .
&
P .
399 ;
1 B . &
P .
645 -
648 ;
but if a mistake in the writ be carried into the declaration ,
or rather if the declaration ,
which is resumed to correspond with the writ or till ,
be incorrect in respect of some extrinsic matter ,
it is then open to the defendant to plead in abatement to the writ or bill ,
1 B . &
P .
648 ;
10 Mod .
210 ;
and there is no plea to the declaration alone but in bar ;
10 Mod .
210 ;
2 Saund .
209 ,
d .
24 .-(
2 .)
Pleas in abatement of the writ or bill and to the form or to the action .
Com .
Dig .
Abatement ,
H .
1 ,
17 .
25 .-(
3 .)
Those of the first description were formerly either matter apparent on the face of the ;
Writ ,
Com .
Dig .
Abatement ,
H l ,
or matters dehors .
Id .
H 17 .
26 .-(
4 .)
Formerly very trifling errors were pleadable in abatement ,
1 Lutw .
25 ;
Lilly '
s Ent .
6 ;
2 Rich .
C .
P .
5 ,
8 ;
1 Stra .
556 ;
Ld .
Raym .
1541 ;
2 Inst .
668 ;
2 B . &
P .
395 .
But as oyer of the writ can no longer be had ,
an omission in the defendant '
s declaration of the defendant '
s addition ,
which is not necessary to be stated in a declaration ,
can in no case be pleaded in abatement .
1 Saund .
318 ,
n .
3 ;
3 B . &
B .
395 ;
7 East ,
882 .
27 .-(
5 .)
Pleas in abatement to the form of the writ ,
are therefore now principally for matters dehors ,
Com .
Dig .
Abatement ,
H 17 ;
Glib .
C .
P .,
51 ,
existing at the time of suing out the writ ,
or arising afterwards ,
such as misnomer of the plaintiff or defendant in Christian or surname .
28 .-(
6 .)
Pleas in abatement to the action of the writ ,
and that the action is misconceived ,
as that it is in case where it ought to have ,
been in trespass ,
Com .
Dig .
Abatement ,
G 5 ;
or that it was prematurely brought ,
Ibid .
Abatement ,
G 6 ,
and tit .
Action E ;
but as these matters are grounds of demurrer or nonsuit ,
it is now very unusual to plead them in abatement .
It may also be pleaded that there is another action pending .
See tit .
Autre action pendant .
Com .
Dig .
Abatement ,
H .
24 ;
Bac .
Ab .
Abatement ,
M ;
1 Chitty '
s Pi .
443 .
29 .-
6 .
Qualities of pleas in abatement . (
1 .)
A writ is divisible ,
and may be abated in part ,
and remain good for the residue ;
and the defendant may plead in abatement to part ,
and demur or plead in bar to the residue of the declaration .
1 Chit .
Pl .
444 ;
2 Saund .
210 ,
n .
The general rule is ,
that whatever proves the writ false at the time of suing it out ,
shall abate the writ entirely Gilb .
C .
P .
247 1 Saund .
Rep .
286 , (
n )
7 ;
2 do .
72 , (
i )
sub fin .
30 .-(
2 .)
As these pleas delay the trial of the merits of the action ,
the greatest accuracy and precision are required in framing them ;
they should be certain to every intent ,
and be pleaded without any repugnancy .
3 T .
R .
186 ;
Willes ,
42 ;
2 Bl .
R .
1096 2 Saund .
298 ,
b ,
n .
1 ;
Com .
Dig .
1 ,
11 Co .
Lit .
392 ;
Cro .
Jac .
82 ;
and must in general give the plaintiff a better writ .
This is the true criterion to distinguish a plea in abatement from a plea in bar .
8 T .
IR .
615 ;
Bromal .
139 ;
1 Saund .
274 ,
n .
4 ;
284 n .
4 ;
2 B . &
P .
125 ;
4 T .
R .
227 ;
6 East )
600 ;
Com .
Dig .
Abatement ,
J 1 ,
2 ;
1 Day ,
28 ;
3 Mass .
24 ;
2 Mass .
362 ;
1 Hayw .
501 ;
2 Ld .
Raym .
1178 ;
1 East ,
634 .
Great accuracy is also necessary in the form of the plea as to the commencement and conclusion ,
which is said to make the plea .
Latch .
178 ;
2 Saund .
209 ,
c .
d ;
3 T .
R .
186 .
31 .-
6 .
Form of pleas in abatement . (
1 .)
As to the form of pleas in abatement ,
see 1 Chit .
Pl .
447 ;
Com .
Dig .
Abatement ,
1 19 ;
2 Saund .
1 ,
n .
2 .
32 .-
7 .
Of the affidavit of truth . (
1 .)
All pleas in abatement must be sworn to be true ,
4 Ann .
c .
16 ,
s .
11 .
The affidavit may be made by the defendant or a third person ,
Barnes ,
344 ,
and must be positive as to the truth of every fact contained in the plea ,
and should leave nothing to be collected by inference ;
Sayer '
s Rep .
293 ;
it should be stated that the plea is true in substance and fact ,
and not merely that the plea is a true plea .
3 Str .
705 ,
Litt .
Ent .
1 ;
2 Chitt .
Pl .
412 ,
417 ;
1 Browne '
s Rep .
77 ;
see .
2 Dall .
184 ;
1 Yeates ,
185 .
See further on the subject of abatement of actions ,
Vin .
Ab .
tit .
Abatement ;
Bac .
Abr .
tit .
Abatement ;
Nelson '
s Abr .
tit .
Abatement ;
American Dig .
tit .
Abatement ;
Story '
s Pl .
1 to 70 ;
1 Chit .
Pl .
425 to 458 ;
Whart .
Dig .
tit .
Pleading ,
F . (
b .)
Penna .
Pract .
Index ,
h .
t .;
Tidd '
s Pr .
Index ,
h .
t .;
Arch .
Civ .
Pl .
Index ,
h .
t .;
Arch .
Pract .
Index ,
h .
t .
Death ;
Parties to actions ;
Plaintiff ;
Puis darrein continuance .
ABATEMENT ,
chancery practice ,
is a suspension of all proceedings in a suit ,
from the want of proper parties capable of proceeding therein .
It differs from an abatement at law in this ,
that in the latter the action is in general entirely dead ,
and cannot be revived ,
3 Bl .
Com .
168 but in the former ,
the right to proceed is merely suspended ,
and may be revived by a bill of revivor .
Mitf .
Eq .
Pl .
by Jeremy ,
57 ;
Story ,
Eq .
Pl .
Sec .
354 .
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ABATEMENT Definition Meaning - Merriam-Webster ABATEMENT Definition Meaning | Dictionary. com Abatement Meaning in Law Explained Clearly Abatement Meaning in Law: Clear Definition Examples (2026) Abatements – Alabama Department of Revenue What Is a Notice of Abatement? Meaning and Next Steps ABATEMENT | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary Abatement Forms and Templates - Alabama Department of Revenue How Does the Abatement Process Work? Types Steps Abatement - definition of abatement by The Free Dictionary